Brown sugar

One US cup of brown sugar weighs 220 grams. Going the other way, 100 grams is about 0.45 cups.

Also called light brown sugar, dark brown sugar, soft brown sugar.

The first ingredient where USDA names the measuring method rather than recording an 'undetermined cup'. Packed is the default because recipes almost always specify firmly packed brown sugar; the molasses content makes the sugar sticky, so it compresses in a way granulated sugar does not. USDA also publishes an unpacked figure of 145 g per cup, a 52% difference from packed, but that state is not included here: King Arthur's chart lists packed only, and no second published source gives an absolute unpacked density.

America's Test Kitchen documents testing the difference with ten cooks and reports the packed cup averaging about 2 ounces heavier, but publishes a difference rather than an absolute figure, so it cannot serve as a source under rule 3. Unpacked is withheld under rule 8. Published converter sites give unpacked values of 130, 145, 160, 170 and 180 g per cup with no sourcing, which is precisely the disagreement this dataset exists to avoid reproducing.

Two sources only, so this entry does not meet rule 2 and is held at medium confidence until an independent third is found.